Super User

Category: Information

21 November 2021

1776

Inner ear barotrauma and inner ear decompression sickness: a systematic review on differential diagnostics

Oskari H Lindfors, Anne K Räisänen-Sokolowski, Timo P Hirvonen, Saku T Sinkkonen

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SDC 1. Details of the preliminary literature search (search date 10/12/2020)

1) PUBMED PRELIMINARY LITERATURE SEARCH: (n = 228)

“Diving” AND “Inner Ear”

-> scanning of:

- titles

- abstracts

- index terms

- keywords

- titles of “similar articles”

- titles of “cited articles”

 

-> index terms identified:

            - Hearing Loss, Sudden

            - Tinnitus

            - Vertigo

            - Dizziness

-> keywords identified:

            - subaquatic

            - underwater

            - inner-ear

            - perilymph fistula

            - perilymphatic fistula

            - intralabyrinthine membrane tear

            - inner ear hemorrhage

            - cochlear

            - vestibular

            - cochleovestibular

            - vestibulocochlear

---

SDC 2. Details of the systematic literature search (search date 10/12/2020 & 26/04/2020)

1) PUBMED SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE SEARCH: (n = 182)

"Diving/adverse effects"[Mesh] OR  "Diving/complications"[Mesh] OR  "Diving/epidemiology"[Mesh] OR  "Diving/etiology"[Mesh] OR  "Diving/injuries"[Mesh] OR  "Diving/physiology"[Mesh] OR  "Diving/physiopathology"[Mesh] OR  "Diving/trends"[Mesh] OR subaquatic[tiab] OR underwater[tiab]

AND

"Ear, Inner/abnormalities"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/anatomy and histology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/diagnosis"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/diagnostic imaging"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/etiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/injuries"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/pathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/physiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/physiopathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/surgery"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Ear, Inner/therapy"[Mesh:NoExp] OR

"Hearing Loss, Sudden/anatomy and histology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Hearing Loss, Sudden/diagnosis"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Hearing Loss, Sudden/diagnostic imaging"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Hearing Loss, Sudden/epidemiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Hearing Loss, Sudden/etiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Hearing Loss, Sudden/pathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Hearing Loss, Sudden/physiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Hearing Loss, Sudden/physiopathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Hearing Loss, Sudden/surgery"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Hearing Loss, Sudden/therapy"[Mesh:NoExp] OR

"Tinnitus/anatomy and histology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Tinnitus/diagnosis"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Tinnitus/diagnostic imaging"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Tinnitus/epidemiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Tinnitus/etiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Tinnitus/pathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Tinnitus/physiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Tinnitus/physiopathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Tinnitus/surgery"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Tinnitus/therapy"[Mesh:NoExp] OR

"Vertigo/anatomy and histology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Vertigo/diagnosis"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Vertigo/diagnostic imaging"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Vertigo/epidemiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Vertigo/etiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Vertigo/pathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Vertigo/physiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Vertigo/physiopathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Vertigo/surgery"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Vertigo/therapy"[Mesh:NoExp] OR

"Dizziness/anatomy and histology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Dizziness/diagnosis"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Dizziness/diagnostic imaging"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Dizziness/epidemiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Dizziness/etiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Dizziness/pathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Dizziness/physiology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Dizziness/physiopathology"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Dizziness/surgery"[Mesh:NoExp] OR  "Dizziness/therapy"[Mesh:NoExp] OR

inner-ear[tiab] OR “perilymph fistula”[tiab] OR “perilymphatic fistula”[tiab] OR “intralabyrinthine membrane tear”[tiab] OR “inner ear hemorrhage”[tiab] OR cochlear[tiab] OR vestibular[tiab] OR cochleovestibular[tiab] OR vestibulocochlear[tiab]

Filters: English

 

2) MEDLINE SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE SEARCH: (n = 188)

exp Diving/ae, co, in, ph, pp, td [Adverse Effects, Complications, Injuries, Physiology, Physiopathology, Trends] OR subaquatic.mp. OR underwater.mp.

AND

Ear, Inner/ab, ah, di, dg, in, pa, ph, pp, su [Abnormalities, Anatomy & Histology, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Injuries, Pathology, Physiology, Physiopathology, Surgery] OR

Hearing Loss, Sudden/di, dg, ep, et, pa, pp, su, th [Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathology, Physiopathology, Surgery, Therapy] OR

Tinnitus/di, dg, ep, et, pa, ph, pp, su, th [Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathology, Physiology, Physiopathology, Surgery, Therapy] OR

Vertigo/di, dg, ep, et, pa, ph, pp, su, th [Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathology, Physiology, Physiopathology, Surgery, Therapy] OR

Dizziness/di, dg, ep, et, pa, pp, su, th [Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathology, Physiopathology, Surgery, Therapy] OR

OR inner-ear.mp. OR perilymph fistula.mp. OR perilymphatic fistula.mp. OR intralabyrinthine membrane tear.mp. OR inner ear hemorrhage.mp. OR cochlear.mp. OR vestibular.mp. OR cochleovestibular.mp. OR vestibulocochlear.mp.

Additional limits: English

 

3) SCOPUS SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE SEARCH: (n = 455)

TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( diving  OR  subaquatic  OR  underwater )

AND

 ( "inner ear"  OR  "inner-ear"  OR  "hearing loss"  OR  "tinnitus"  OR  "vertigo"  OR  "dizziness"  OR  "perilymph fistula"  OR  "perilymphatic fistula"  OR  "intralabyrinthine membrane tear"  OR  "inner ear hemorrhage"  OR  "cochlear"  OR  "vestibular"  OR  "cochleovestibular"  OR  "vestibulocochlear" ) )

AND  ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA ,  "MEDI" ) )

 AND  ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE ,  "English" ) )

---

 

SDC 3. Publications included in the final systematic review.

a) publications with inner ear barotrauma patients

Study details	n of patients
Eichel BS, Landes BS. Sensorineural hearing loss caused by skin diving. Arch Otolaryngol. 1970;92(2):128-31. PMID:5428306.	2
Soss SL. Sensorineural hearing Loss with diving. Arch Otolaryngol. 1971;93(5):501-4. PMID:5554886.	3
Freeman P, Edmonds C. Inner Ear Barotrauma. Arch Otolaryngol. 1972;95(6):556-63. PMID:4666425.	5
Freeman P, Tonkin J, Edmons C. Rupture of the round window membrane in inner ear barotrauma. Arch Otolaryngol. 1974;99(6):437-42. PMID: 4829762.	2
Tonkin JP, Fagan P. Rupture of the round window membrane.  J Laryngol Otol. 1975;89(7):733-756. PMID:1176821.	2
Caruso VG, Winkelmann PE, Correia MJ, Miltenberger GE, Love JT. Otologic and otoneurologic injuries in divers: clinical studies on nine commercial and two sport divers. Laryngoscope. 1977;87(4 Pt 1):508-21. PMID:300136.	1
Molvaer OI, Natrud E, Eidsvik S. Diving injuries to the inner ear. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1978;221(4):285-8. PMID:727987	9
McNicoll WD. Traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane with associated rupture of the round window membrane. J Laryngol Otol. 1978;92(10):897-903. PMID:712222.	1
Pullen FW, Rosenberg GJ, Cabeza CH. Sudden hearing loss in divers and fliers. Laryngoscope. 1979;89(9 Pt 1):1373-7. PMID: 481042.	5
Gray RF, Barton RP. Round window rupture. J Laryngol Otol. 1981;95(2):165-77. PMID:7462785.	2
Parell GJ, Becker GD. Conservative management of inner ear barotrauma resulting from scuba diving. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1985;93(3):393-7. PMID:3927237.	14
Shupak A, Doweck I, Greenberg E et. al. Diving-related inner ear injuries. Laryngoscope. 1991;101(2):173-9. PMID:1992269.	5
Pullen FW. Perilymphatic fistula induced by barotrauma. Am J Otol. 1992;13(3):270-2. PMID:1609857.	2
Parell GJ, Becker GD. Inner ear barotrauma in scuba divers: a long-term follow-up after continued diving. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119(4):455-7. PMID:8457309.	20
Nakashima T, Yanagita N, Yamakawa K, Naganawa S. Inner ear barotrauma: computed tomographic evaluation. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1995;20(6):544-6. PMID:8665716.	4
Whinney DJ, Parikh AA, Brookes GB. Barotraumatic fracture of the stapes footplate. Am J Otol. 1996;17(5):697-9. PMID:8892563.	1
Sheridan MF, Hetherington HH, Hull JJ. Inner ear barotrauma from scuba diving. Ear Nose Throat J. 1999;78(3):181,184,186-7 passim. PMID: 10188355.	3
Shupak A, Gil, A, Nachum C et. al. Inner ear decompression sickness and inner ear barotrauma in recreational divers: a long-term follow-up. Laryngoscope. 2003;113(12):2141-7. PMID:14660917.	9
Edmonds C. Inner ear barotrauma: a retrospective clinical series of 50 cases. SPUMS Journal. 2004;34:11-4.	50
Shupak A. Recurrent diving-related inner ear barotrauma.  Otol Neurotol. 2006;27(8):1193-6. PMID: 16983314.	3
Duplessis C, Hoffer M. Tinnitus in an active duty navy diver: a review of inner ear barotrauma, tinnitus, and its treatment. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2006;33(4):223-30. PMID:17004408.	1
Klingmann C, Praetorius M, Baumann I, Plinkert P. Barotrauma and decompression illness of the inner ear: 46 cases during treatment and follow-up. Otol Neurotol. 2007;28(4):447-54. PMID:17417111.	26
Foster PK. Autologous intratympanic blood patch for presumed perilymphatic fistulas. J Laryngol Otol. 2016;130(12):1158-1161. PMID:27894373	1
McIntire S, Boujie L. Inner Ear Barotrauma After Underwater Pool Competency Training Without the Use of Compressed Air Case and Review. J Spec Oper Med. 2016;16(2):52-6. PMID:27450603.	1
Morvan JB, Gempp E, Riviere D, Louge P, Vallee N, Verdalle P. Perilymphatic fistula after underwater diving: a series of 11 cases. Diving Hyperb Med. 2016;46(2):72-5. PMID:27334993.	11

 

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SDC 3. Publications included in the final systematic review. 

b) publications with inner ear decompression sickness patients

 

Study details	n of patients
Farmer JC, Thomas WG, Youngblood DG, Bennett PB. Inner ear decompression sickness. Laryngoscope. 1976 Sep;86(9):1315-27. PMID: 957843	23
Caruso VG, Winkelmann PE, Correia MJ, Miltenberger GE, Love JT. Otologic and otoneurologic injuries in divers: clinical studies on nine commercial and two sport divers. Laryngoscope. 1977 Apr;87(4 Pt 1):508-21. PMID:300136	8
Reissman P, Shupak A, Nachum Z, Melamed Y. Inner ear decompression sickness following a shallow scuba dive. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1990 Jun;61(6):563-6. PMID:2369397	1
Shupak A, Doweck I, Greenberg E et. al. Diving-related inner ear injuries. Laryngoscope. 1991 Feb;101(2):173-9. PMID:1992269	4
Nachum Z, Shupak A; Spitzer O, Sharoni Z, Doweck I, Gordon CR. Inner ear decompression sickness in sport compressed-air diving.  Laryngoscope. 2001 May;111(5):851-6. PMID:11359165	29
Klingmann C, Knauth M, Ries S; Kern R, Tasman AJ. Recurrent inner ear decompression sickness associated with a patent foramen ovale. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002 May;128(5):586-8. PMID:12003593	1
Wong R, Walker M. Diagnostic dilemmas in inner ear decompression sickness. SPUMS J. 2004; 34(1): 5-10.	8
Smerz RW. A descriptive epidemiological analysis of isolated inner ear decompression illness in recreational divers in Hawaii. Diving Hyperb Med. 2007;37(1):2-9.	28
McGeoch G. Two divers with acute vertigo and loss of balance. SPUMS J. 2007; 37(1): 40-41.	1
Brookler KH. Dizziness in a SCUBA diver. Ear Nose Throat J. 2009 May;88(5):916-20. PMID:19444787	1
Dan-Goor E, Eden J, Wilson SJ, Dangoor J, Wilson BR. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo after decompression sickness: a first case report and review of the literature. Am J Otolaryngol. Nov-Dec 2010;31(6):476-8. PMID:20015792	1
Klingmann C. Inner ear decompression sickness in compressed-air diving. Undersea Hyperb Med. Jan-Feb 2012;39(1):589-94. PMID:22400449	34
Verrecchia L, Gennser M, Tribukait A, Brantberh K. Superior vestibular dysfunction in severe decompression sickness suggests an embolic mechanism. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2012 Nov;83(11):1097-100. PMID:23156099	1
Ignatescu M, Bryson P, Klingmann C. Susceptibility of the inner ear structure to shunt-related decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2012 Dec;83(12):1145-51. PMID:23316542	33
Gempp E, Louge P. Inner ear decompression sickness in scuba divers: a review of 115 cases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 May;270(6):1831-7. PMID:23100085	115
Wilson CM, Sayer MD. Cerebral arterial gas embolism in a professional diver with a persistent foramen ovale. Diving Hyperb Med. 2015 Jun;45(2):124-6. PMID:26165536	1
Guenzani S, Mereu D, Messersmith M, Olivari D, Arena M, Spano A. Inner-ear decompression sickness in nine trimix recreational divers. Diving Hyperb Med. 2016 Jun;46(2):111-6. PMID:27334999	9
Azzopardi CP, Caruana J, Matity L, Muscat S, Meintjes J. Increasing prevalence of vestibulo-cochlear decompression illness in Malta - an analysis of hyperbaric treatment data from 1987-2017. Diving Hyperb Med. 2019 Sep 30;49(3):161-166. PMID:31523790	99

 

Super User

Category: Information

21 November 2021

551

Calculation by:                     

Patient:                                 Example

Print date:                            

Calculation date:

Center:                                   Antonius Hypercare

Based on:                               Nevo Online 2016 5.0

 

	Total	RDA
Energy (kcal)	2677
Protein total (g)	109,7
Carbs total (g)	272,0
Dietary fiber total (g)	22,9	30,0 - 40,0
Fat total (g)	121,9
Saturared fats total (g)	60,8
Transfats total (g)	2,0
Cholesterol (mg)	336,0
Alcohol total (g)	0,0
Calcium (mg)	1732	1100
Iron total (mg)	10,1	9,0
Sodium (mg)	1750
Potassium (mg)	4090	3100
Magnesium (mg)	416	280
Zinc (mg)	10,91	7,00
Retinol (ug)	1214	700
Retinol activity equivalent (RAE) (ug)	1532	700
Vitamin B1 (mg)	0,98	1,10
Vitamin B2 (mg)	1,96	1,10
Vitamin B6 (mg)	1,895	1,500
Vitamin B12 (ug)	3,73	2,80
Folic acid (ug)	0,0	300,0
Nicotinic acid (mg)	23,0	13,0
Vitamin C (mg)	69	75
Vitamin D total (ug)	4,7	10,0
Vitamin E total (mg)	14,7	8,0
Water (g)	2890,2	1500,0 - 2000,0

 

Energy percentages

Nutrient	Grammes	Kcal	Percentage
Alcohol total	0,0	0,00	0,00
Protein total	109,7	438,80	16,38
Carbs total	272,0	1088,00	40,61
Organic acids total	3,1	9,30	0,35
Polyols total	0,0	0,00	0,00
Fat total	121,9	1097,10	40,95
Dietary fiber total	22,9	45,80	1,71
Total	529,6	2679,00	100,00

Super User

Category: Information

13 May 2021

1687

Sinus barotrauma in diving

Oskari H Lindfors, Anne K Räisänen-Sokolowski, Jari Suvilehto, Saku T Sinkkonen

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Appendix 1. English translation of the questionnaire

1) Diving history

1.1) Diver type (select one or more)

☐ Professional diver
☐ Recreational diver

1.2) Diving type (select one or more)

☐ Free diving
☐ Scuba diving
☐ Technical diving

1.3) Diving education; level (select one or more)

☐ No diving courses
☐ Beginner course
☐ Advanced course
☐ Instructor course
☐ Professional course
☐ Course for first-responders
☐ Course for military divers

1.4) Diving education; type (select one or more)

☐ PADI
☐ CMAS
☐ BSAC
☐ NAUI
☐ SSI
☐ Other

1.5) Number of diving years

 

1.7) Number of dives per year during last five years

 

1.8) Employer

☐ Employer 1 (not disclosed here)
☐ Employer 2 (not disclosed here)
☐ Employer 3 (not disclosed here)
☐ Employer 4 (not disclosed here)
☐ Other / Recreational diver

2) Medical history

2.1) Sex

☐ Female
☐ Male

2.2) Age (years)

 

2.3) Height (cm) 

 

2.4) Weight (kg) 

 

2.5) Allergies 

☐ Pollen
☐ Animals
☐ Food
☐ Other
☐ No allergies

2.6) Number of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) per year 

 

2.7) When suffering from URTI I tend to not dive as planned (select one or more) 

☐ Yes, when suffering from URTI with fever and significant congestion
☐ Yes, when suffering from URTI with no fever and mild congestion
☐ Never

2.8) Previous otorhinolaryngology-related (ORL-related) surgical procedures (select one or more) 

☐ Adenoidectomy
☐ Myringotomy
☐ Myringoplasty
☐ Tympanostomy tubes
☐ Balloon eustachian tuboplasty
☐ Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
☐ Septoplasty
☐ Radiofrequency ablation of inf. turbinates
☐ Cleft palate repair
☐ None of the above

2.9) Smoking 

☐ Never
☐ Occasionally
☐ Regularly

2.10) Number of active smoking years 

 

2.11) Number of cigarettes per day 

 

3) Questions related to pressure chamber testing and sinus barotraumas

3.1) I have been to hyperbaric pressure chamber testing to evaluate my pressure equalization ability 

☐ Yes
☐ No

3.2) I have experienced sinus barotraumas during hyperbaric pressure chamber testing 

☐ Yes
☐ No

3.3) I have experienced sinus barotraumas during hyperbaric pressure chamber testing X times 

 

3.4) I have had concomitant URTI symptoms X times together with sinus barotraumas 

 

3.5) The sinus barotraumas have mainly occurred when (select one or more) 

☐ Increasing the chamber pressure
☐ Decreasing the chamber pressure

3.6) The sinus barotraumas have manifested as (select one or more) 

☐ Pain in the maxillary (cheek) region
☐ Pain in the frontal (forehead) region
☐ Nosebleeds
☐ Other

3.7) Other, how? 

 

3.8) The symptoms have typically dissipated in 

☐ 2min
☐ 2h
☐ 2d
☐ >2d

3.9) I had had symptoms of poor pressure equalization preceding the problems during the hyperbaric pressure chamber test 

☐ Yes
☐ No

3.10) I have had to ask for my pressure chamber test to be rescheduled due to my inability to equilibrate my sinus pressure 

☐ Yes
☐ No

3.11) I have had to ask for my pressure chamber test to be aborted due to my inability to equilibrate my sinus pressure 

☐ Yes
☐ No

4) Questions related to pressure equalization of the sinuses

4.1) I have had a sinusitis X times during my life 

 

4.2) I have experienced sinus barotraumas while diving 

☐ Never
☐ Sporadically
☐ Occasionally
☐ Almost always
☐ Always

5) Questions related to sinus barotraumas while diving

5.1) I have experienced sinus barotraumas X times

 

5.2) I have had concomitant URTI symptoms X times together with sinus barotraumas 

 

5.3) The sinus barotraumas have mainly occurred (select one or more) 

☐ When descending
☐ When ascending

5.4) The sinus barotraumas have occurred at a depth of X m 

 

5.5) The sinus barotraumas have manifested as (select one or more) 

☐ Pain in the maxillary (cheek) region
☐ Pain in the frontal (forehead) region
☐ Nosebleeds
☐ Other

5.6) Other, how? 

 

5.7) The symptoms have typically dissipated in 

☐ 2min
☐ 2h
☐ 2d
☐ 2d

5.8) I had had symptoms of poor pressure equalization preceding the problems during the dive 

☐ Yes
☐ No

5.9) The sinus barotraumas have X during the years 

☐ Decreased
☐ Remained unchanged
☐ Increased

6) Questions related to the increase of sinus barotraumas while diving

6.1) The increase in the symptoms started 

☐ 0-4 years (after start of diving)
☐ 5-9 years
☐ 10-14 years
☐ 15-19 years
☐ 20-24 years
☐ 25-29 years
☐ 30-34 years
☐ 35-39 years
☐ 40-44 years
☐ 45-50 years
☐ Not sure

6.2) The increase in the symptoms started 

☐ During an URTI
☐ During an middle ear infection
☐ During active allergies
☐ Gradually without an apparent cause
☐ Other

6.3) Other, how? 

 

7) Questions related to the treatment of sinus barotraumas while diving

7.1) I have had to use non-prescribed medications due to my sinus barotrauma symptoms (select one or more) 

☐ Yes, during the last 12 months
☐ Yes, earlier than during the last 12 months
☐ No

7.2) Name of the non-prescribed medication: 

 

7.3) I have had to use prescribed medications due to my sinus barotrauma symptoms (select one or more) 

☐ Yes, during the last 12 months
☐ Yes, earlier than during the last 12 months
☐ No

7.4) Name of the prescribed medication: 

 

7.5) I have been to the following ORL-related surgical procedures due to my sinus barotrauma symptoms (select one or more) 

☐ Adenoidectomy
☐ Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
☐ Septoplasty
☐ Radiofrequency ablation of inf. turbinates
☐ None of the above

7.6) I have been on sick leave due to my sinus barotrauma symptoms (professional divers only, select one or more) 

☐ Yes, an independently taken sick leave
☐ Yes, a mandatory sick leave
☐ No

7.7) I have been on sick leave for X days during the last 12 months due to my sinus barotrauma symptoms (professional divers only) 

 

7.8) I have tried to manage my sinus barotrauma symptoms by (open response) 

 

 

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Appendix 2. Details of data acquisition

 

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Appendix 3. Application of the Bradford-Hill guidelines for observational data: sinus barotraumas while diving and the condition’s possible risk factors

Application of the Bradford Hill guidelines for observational data: sinus barotraumas while diving and the condition’s possible risk factors. OR, odds ratio; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection

 

Super User

Category: Information

13 May 2021

326

Appendix 1: Search Strategies

MEDLINE(R) ALL (OVID)

1. coronavirus/ or betacoronavirus/ or coronavirus infections/
2. (nCoV* or 2019nCoV or 19nCoV or COVID19* or COVID-19* or COVID or SARS-COV-2 or SARSCOV-2 or SARSCOV2 or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2).ti,ab,kf,nm,ot,ox,rx,px.
3. ((new or novel or "19" or "2019" or Wuhan or Hubei or China or Chinese) adj3 (coronavirus* or corona virus* or betacoronavirus* or CoV or HCoV)).ti,ab,kf,ot.            
4. ((coronavirus* or corona virus* or betacoronavirus*) adj3 (pandemic* or epidemic* or outbreak* or crisis*)).ti,ab,kf,ot.        
5. ((Wuhan or Hubei) adj5 pneumonia).ti,ab,kf,ot.         
6. or/1-5           
7. Hyperbaric Oxygenation/      
8. (Hyperbaric adj5 Oxygen*).ti,ab,kf.   
9. 7 or 8            
10. 6 and 9

 Embase:

1. coronavirus/ or betacoronavirus/ or coronavirus infections/         
2. (nCoV* or 2019nCoV or 19nCoV or COVID19* or COVID-19* or COVID or SARS-COV-2 or SARSCOV-2 or SARSCOV2 or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2).ti,ab,kw,hw,fx,ot.    
3. ((new or novel or "19" or "2019" or Wuhan or Hubei or China or Chinese) adj3 (coronavirus* or corona virus* or betacoronavirus* or CoV or HCoV)).ti,ab,kw,ot.    
4. ((coronavirus* or corona virus* or betacoronavirus*) adj3 (pandemic* or epidemic* or outbreak* or crisis*)).ti,ab,kw,ot.          
5. ((Wuhan or Hubei) adj5 pneumonia).ti,ab,kw,ot.   
6. or/1-5          
7. hyperbaric oxygen therapy/           
8. (hyperbaric adj5 (medicine or oxygen*)).ti,ab,kw. 
9. (high adj3 (tension or pressure) adj3 oxygen).ti,ab,ot,kw.
10. or/7-9        
11. 6 and 10

 

Scopus:

( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( ncov*  OR  2019ncov  OR  19ncov  OR  covid19*  OR  covid-19*  OR  covid  OR  sars-cov-2  OR  sarscov-2  OR  sarscov2  OR  severe  AND acute  AND respiratory  AND syndrome  AND coronavirus  2  OR  severe  AND acute  AND respiratory  AND syndrome  AND corona  AND virus  2 ) )  AND  TITLE-ABS-KEY ( hyperbaric  AND oxygen* )  OR  TITLE-ABS-KEY ( hyberbaric  AND medicine ) )